Web accessibility isn’t optional—it’s essential for reaching your entire audience and often required by law. Follow these guidelines to create truly inclusive digital experiences:
Semantic HTML Foundation
Start with properly structured HTML that clearly identifies the purpose of each element. Use appropriate heading levels, landmarks, lists, and form labels to create a logical content hierarchy that makes sense regardless of how it’s accessed.
Keyboard Navigation Essentials
Ensure all interactive elements are accessible via keyboard alone. This means:
- Visible focus states that clearly indicate which element is currently selected
- Logical tab order that follows the visual layout
- No keyboard traps where users can’t navigate away from an element
- Skip links that allow bypassing repetitive navigation
Color and Contrast Considerations
Design with these principles in mind:
- Maintain a minimum contrast ratio of 4.5:1 for normal text and 3:1 for large text
- Never use color alone to convey information—always include additional indicators
- Provide sufficient contrast between text and background, even for decorative elements
- Test your design in grayscale to ensure it works without color perception
Alternative Text Strategies
Develop a systematic approach to alternative text:
- Descriptive alt text for informational images
- Empty alt attributes for decorative images
- Descriptive text for complex visuals like charts and graphs
- Transcripts and captions for audio and video content
ARIA When Necessary
Use ARIA attributes thoughtfully when HTML alone isn’t sufficient:
- Role attributes to clarify purpose when HTML semantics are insufficient
- Live regions for dynamic content updates
- Expanded/collapsed states for interactive elements
- Label relationships for custom controls
Regular Accessibility Testing
Implement a comprehensive testing regimen:
- Automated testing with tools like Axe or WAVE
- Manual keyboard navigation testing
- Screen reader testing with popular tools like NVDA, JAWS, or VoiceOver
- User testing with people who have various disabilities